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MicroRNAs in the progression of atherosclerosis: rise and fall of the atherosclerotic plaque

MicroRNAs in atherosclerosis progression

Andrea Rampin
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
Martina Mutoli
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
Massimiliano Martelli
Division of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
Alberto M. Settembrini
Division of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
Fabio Martelli
Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
Tijana Mitić
University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (QMRI), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Miron Sopić
Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Rue Thomas Edison, Strassen, Luxembourg; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia.
Antonino Bruno
Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Unit of Molecular Pathology, Biochemistry and Immunology, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; Centro di Ricerca per l'Invecchiamento di Successo (CRIS), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Gaia Spinetti
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
AtheroNET COST Action CA21153 | Bio
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Abstract

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of mortality globally, being at the basis of most cardiovascular diseases. It is a multifactorial disease, arising from complex interactions comprising changes in lipid metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress. These factors contribute to endothelial damage and dysfunction, the accumulation of immune cells and smooth muscle cells in the intima, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which restricts blood flow through the vessels. Much progress has been made in the last decades in debunking the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis development, especially concerning the evaluation and prediction of plaque stability and the understanding of the roles played by each of the involved cell types. As yet, mechanisms that drive plaque development toward specific 'vulnerable' phenotypes remain undiscovered. Based on recent advancements in RNA therapeutics, this review aims to illustrate a comprehensive overview of miRNAs relevant to various aspects of atherosclerosis and emphasizes their theranostic potential, highlighting their dual role as both drug targets and biomarkers.

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